{"id":1643,"date":"2019-06-15T09:07:15","date_gmt":"2019-06-15T07:07:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/unik-artmag.com\/?p=1643"},"modified":"2019-06-15T09:07:15","modified_gmt":"2019-06-15T07:07:15","slug":"calder-cezanne-kafka-louise-bourgeois-ces-artistes-reconvertis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/great-artmag.com\/en\/calder-cezanne-kafka-louise-bourgeois-ces-artistes-reconvertis\/","title":{"rendered":"Calder, C\u00e9zanne, Kafka, Louise Bourgeois&#8230; ces artistes reconvertis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Alexander\nCalder, scientifique contrari\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tout ce qui touche aux machines\npassionne le jeune Calder, 18 ans, qui se lance en 1916 dans des \u00e9tudes\nd\u2019ing\u00e9nierie m\u00e9canique. A Philadelphie (Etats-Unis), Alexander &#8211; surnomm\u00e9 Sandy\npour sortir de la lign\u00e9e des Alexander \u2013 s\u2019int\u00e9resse \u00e0 la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie, aux forces\net aux mouvements et croit s\u2019\u00e9panouir en choisissant un m\u00e9tier s\u00e9rieux. L\u2019\u00e9tude\ndu mouvement, des d\u00e9formations et des \u00e9quilibres anime cet esprit scientifique hors\ndu commun. Mais, dipl\u00f4me en poche, l\u2019approche pratique lui semble soudain\nbeaucoup moins attractive. L\u2019am\u00e9lioration des techniques et la mise au point de\nmodes op\u00e9ratoires industriels l\u2019\u00e9loignent de toute m\u00e9canique c\u00e9leste. Apr\u00e8s\navoir occup\u00e9 divers emplois d&#8217;ing\u00e9nieur, Calder doit bien se l\u2019avouer&nbsp;: il\ns\u2019ennuie \u00e0 mourir&nbsp;! Il voulait \u00e9chapper \u00e0 l\u2019atavisme familial, il ne\nvoulait pas \u00eatre sculpteur comme son grand-p\u00e8re \u00e9cossais Alexander Miline\nCalder, ou comme son p\u00e8re, Alexander Stirling Calder, auteur de nombreux\nmonuments publics \u00e0 Philadelphie. Il ne voulait pas \u00eatre peintre comme sa m\u00e8re\nNanette. Et pourtant, la cr\u00e9ation finit par l\u2019emporter&nbsp;! Rien ne vaut le\nbonheur qu\u2019il \u00e9prouve, depuis l\u2019\u00e2ge de 8 ans, \u00e0 confectionner de dr\u00f4les\nd\u2019animaux en laiton ou des bijoux fantaisie avec des bouts de ferraille\nr\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9s. C\u2019est d\u00e9cid\u00e9&nbsp;! A 25 ans, il jette ses plans par dessus les\nmoulins et court s&#8217;inscrire \u00e0 l&#8217;Arts Student League de New York pour y \u00e9tudier\u2026\nla peinture. Rapidement, il devient illustrateur de presse magazine, puis\ndessine pour les spectacles du cirque Barnum. Il en vient \u00e0 cr\u00e9er le <em>Cirque Calder<\/em> en donnant naissance \u00e0\nses fameuses marionnettes, pr\u00e9misses \u00e0 ses c\u00e9l\u00e8bres mobiles. Calder a pris sa\nvie d\u2019artiste en main&nbsp;et en deviendra l\u2019une des figures majeures du XXe\nsi\u00e8cle ! <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Paul\nC\u00e9zanne&nbsp;: contraint au Droit<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A 22 ans, C\u00e9zanne v\u00e9g\u00e8te \u00e0\nAix-en-Provence. Depuis toujours, tout ce qu\u2019il entreprend est un \u00e9chec. Ses\n\u00e9tudes de droit, abandonn\u00e9es. Le concours d\u2019entr\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole des beaux-arts,\nrat\u00e9\u2026 Par n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 \u2013et surtout vertement tanc\u00e9 par son p\u00e8re qui ne supporte\nplus l\u2019oisivet\u00e9 de son fils &#8211; le jeune homme se r\u00e9signe \u00e0 devenir simple\nemploy\u00e9 dans la banque paternelle. Mais la finance l\u2019assomme. Il ne r\u00eave que\nd\u2019une chose&nbsp;: passer ses journ\u00e9es \u00e0 peindre, peindre et peindre\nencore&nbsp;! Son d\u00e9sespoir et son ennui sont tels que C\u00e9zanne montre vite ses\nlimites en mati\u00e8re de chiffres et de gestion de compte&nbsp;: son travail est lamentable.\nFaisant fi de la col\u00e8re paternelle, il d\u00e9cide alors de quitter son emploi pour\nvivre aux crochets de sa riche famille bourgeoise et se consacrer \u00e0 sa\npeinture. Son activit\u00e9 se r\u00e9sume \u00e0 colorer ses toiles au fond du jardin. Et les\nann\u00e9es passent ainsi, sans que rien ne vienne troubler cette confortable\noisivet\u00e9\u2026 Mais \u00e0 33 ans, lors de la naissance de son fils, C\u00e9zanne se d\u00e9cide\nenfin \u00e0 quitter sa r\u00e9gion natale pour s\u2019installer \u00e0 Auvers-sur-Oise, la ville\ndes Impressionnistes. Las&nbsp;! Lors de sa premi\u00e8re exposition, la critique\nest acerbe. Bless\u00e9 dans son amour-propre, il rejoint alors l\u2019Estaque o\u00f9 il\ncommence son cycle de peintures sur la Montagne Sainte-Victoire. Il a alors 56\nans. Le c\u00e9l\u00e8bre marchand d\u2019art Ambroise Vollard le remarque et lui consacre sa\npremi\u00e8re exposition personnelle. Et c\u2019est la r\u00e9v\u00e9lation\u2026 Le succ\u00e8s est\nfulgurant&nbsp;! Le public s\u2019arrache ses natures mortes et ses paysages\ncolor\u00e9s. C\u00e9zanne meurt en 1906, \u00e0 67 ans, au sommet de sa gloire. \u00ab Paul peut\navoir le g\u00e9nie d&#8217;un grand peintre, il n&#8217;aura jamais le g\u00e9nie de le\ndevenir&nbsp;\u00bb, avait pr\u00e9dit Emile Zola, son ami d\u2019enfance. L\u2019\u00e9crivain a bien\nfailli avoir raison&nbsp;!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Franz\nKafka&nbsp;: g\u00e9rant de supermarch\u00e9&nbsp;?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En 1907, Franz Kafka \u00e0 24 ans. Fils\nde marchands juifs prosp\u00e8res, il vit \u00e0 Prague en Tch\u00e9coslovaquie, et a obtenu\nhonorablement son doctorat de droit. Il entre alors comme employ\u00e9 au service\ndes Assurances G\u00e9n\u00e9rales, une compagnie r\u00e9put\u00e9e. Une simple \u00e9tape&nbsp;car son\np\u00e8re compte sur lui pour reprendre le supermarch\u00e9 familial. Sa voie est toute\ntrac\u00e9e. Kafka a des dispositions pour les chiffres, c\u2019est ind\u00e9niable&nbsp;!\nIntelligent, il comprend les syst\u00e8mes complexes et s\u2019av\u00e8re un excellent\ngestionnaire. Ses travaux lui valent d\u2019ailleurs les compliments de sa\nhi\u00e9rarchie. Mais le jeune Kafka a d\u2019autres ambitions que celles de faire\ncarri\u00e8re dans les assurances ou dans le commerce&nbsp;! Il veut \u00e9crire et ne\npense qu\u2019\u00e0 \u00e7a. En 1908, il craque&nbsp;:&nbsp;\nIl refuse d\u00e9sormais que ses interminables heures de travail empi\u00e8tent\nsur son temps d\u2019\u00e9criture. Il cherche alors un emploi alimentaire qui lui laisse\nsuffisamment de temps libre et entre ainsi au service de l&#8217;Institution\nd&#8217;assurance pour les accidents des travailleurs du royaume de Boh\u00eame. Une vraie\nplanque&nbsp; et surtout une vraie source d\u2019inspiration sur l\u2019absurdit\u00e9 du\nmonde ! Kafka y travaillera pendant 14 ans jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 sa retraite pr\u00e9matur\u00e9e en\nraison de la tuberculose qui commence \u00e0 lui ronger le larynx. C&#8217;est pendant\nl&#8217;une de ces nuits blanches et agit\u00e9es consacr\u00e9es \u00e0 \u00e9crire que, \u00abcomme ivre \u00bb,\nKafka met sur le papier <em>Le Verdict <\/em>(1913),\npuis <em>La M\u00e9tamorphose <\/em>(1915). Malgr\u00e9\nla maladie, sans rel\u00e2che, il continue \u00e0 noircir les feuilles de ses cahiers.\nSuit <em>Le Proc\u00e8s<\/em> (1925), puis <em>Le Ch\u00e2teau <\/em>(1926), c\u00e9l\u00e8bre roman dans\nlequel le h\u00e9ros appel\u00e9 K. finit par se faire un nom. Mais hormis quelques\npublications par \u00e9pisodes dans des revues, aucun roman complet ne sera diffus\u00e9\nde son vivant. Kafka meurt \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge de 41 ans dans l\u2019anonymat le plus complet.\nSon souhait de br\u00fbler tous ses \u00e9crits et ses manuscrits ne sera pas respect\u00e9\npar son ex\u00e9cuteur testamentaire, \u00e0 l\u2019origine de la publication posthume de l\u2019ensemble\nde l\u2019\u0153uvre. Merci \u00e0 lui&nbsp;! <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Louise\nBourgeois&nbsp;: Formes, angles, plans, tangentes&#8230; <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La jeune Louise Bourgeois aime jouer\navec les repr\u00e9sentations du monde, le mettre en coupe, l\u2019ordonner selon des\nr\u00e8gles \u00e9tablies. Brillante \u00e9l\u00e8ve, elle s\u2019inscrit \u00e0 la Sorbonne pour y suivre\ntout naturellement des \u00e9tudes de g\u00e9om\u00e9trie. Mais, \u00e0 22 ans, la mort brutale de\nsa m\u00e8re, son amie et confidente, va couper court \u00e0 cette belle trajectoire.\nEperdue de douleur, confront\u00e9e \u00e0 son p\u00e8re, un architecte qu\u2019elle juge volage et\ndistant, elle tente de se suicider. Puis d\u00e9cide de faire face. Louise Bourgeois\nd\u00e9cide alors de changer de cap. D\u00e9sormais, sa survie passera par l\u2019art. \u00ab Pour\nexprimer des tensions familiales insupportables, il fallait que mon anxi\u00e9t\u00e9\ns&#8217;exerce sur des formes que je pouvais changer, d\u00e9truire et reconstruire \u00bb,\nconfiera-t-elle plus tard dans son journal intime. Admise \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9cole des\nBeaux-arts de Paris, elle y fait un bref passage, pr\u00e9f\u00e9rant \u00e9tudier aupr\u00e8s des\nartistes eux-m\u00eames. Ses premiers dessins prennent la femme pour mod\u00e8le, m\u00ealant\nle corps \u00e0 l&#8217;architecture, l&#8217;organique au g\u00e9om\u00e9trique : buste en brique, cage\nthoracique en forme d&#8217;escaliers ou de portes\u2026 Mais le fil rouge de son \u0153uvre\nsera le phallus et l&#8217;araign\u00e9e, qu\u2019elle sculptera \u00e0 l\u2019envie. A 27 ans, Louise\nBourgeois s&#8217;installe \u00e0 New York avec son \u00e9poux, un historien d\u2019art am\u00e9ricain,\npour y poursuivre une brillante carri\u00e8re. Une premi\u00e8re r\u00e9trospective au c\u00e9l\u00e8bre\nmus\u00e9e d\u2019art moderne de New York MoMa (Museum of Modern Art) lui est consacr\u00e9e \u00e0\n71 an. En 1999, le Lion d&#8217;or \u00e0 la Biennale de Venise lui est d\u00e9cern\u00e9 \u00e0 88 ans\npour l\u2019ensemble de son \u0153uvre. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Alexander Calder, scientifique contrari\u00e9 Tout ce qui touche aux machines passionne le jeune Calder, 18 ans, qui se lance en 1916 dans des \u00e9tudes d\u2019ing\u00e9nierie m\u00e9canique. A Philadelphie (Etats-Unis), Alexander &#8211; surnomm\u00e9 Sandy pour sortir de la lign\u00e9e des Alexander \u2013 s\u2019int\u00e9resse \u00e0 la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie, aux forces et aux mouvements et croit s\u2019\u00e9panouir en choisissant [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1644,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1162],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1643","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-arts-culture"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Calder, C\u00e9zanne, Kafka, Louise Bourgeois... ces artistes reconvertis - GREAT-ARTMAG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/great-artmag.com\/en\/calder-cezanne-kafka-louise-bourgeois-ces-artistes-reconvertis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Calder, C\u00e9zanne, Kafka, Louise Bourgeois... ces artistes reconvertis - GREAT-ARTMAG\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Alexander Calder, scientifique contrari\u00e9 Tout ce qui touche aux machines passionne le jeune Calder, 18 ans, qui se lance en 1916 dans des \u00e9tudes d\u2019ing\u00e9nierie m\u00e9canique. A Philadelphie (Etats-Unis), Alexander &#8211; surnomm\u00e9 Sandy pour sortir de la lign\u00e9e des Alexander \u2013 s\u2019int\u00e9resse \u00e0 la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie, aux forces et aux mouvements et croit s\u2019\u00e9panouir en choisissant [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/great-artmag.com\/en\/calder-cezanne-kafka-louise-bourgeois-ces-artistes-reconvertis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"GREAT-ARTMAG\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-06-15T07:07:15+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/great-artmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/calder-picasso.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"571\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Alexia Gugg\u00e9mos\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Alexia Gugg\u00e9mos\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/great-artmag.com\\\/en\\\/calder-cezanne-kafka-louise-bourgeois-ces-artistes-reconvertis\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/great-artmag.com\\\/en\\\/calder-cezanne-kafka-louise-bourgeois-ces-artistes-reconvertis\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Alexia Gugg\u00e9mos\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/great-artmag.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/07a768635fe6f6d87951dc8ae985eeda\"},\"headline\":\"Calder, C\u00e9zanne, Kafka, Louise Bourgeois&#8230; 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