{"id":1643,"date":"2019-06-15T09:07:15","date_gmt":"2019-06-15T07:07:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/unik-artmag.com\/?p=1643"},"modified":"2026-05-17T17:24:26","modified_gmt":"2026-05-17T15:24:26","slug":"calder-cezanne-kafka-louise-bourgeois-ces-artistes-reconvertis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/great-artmag.com\/en\/calder-cezanne-kafka-louise-bourgeois-ces-artistes-reconvertis\/","title":{"rendered":"Reconversion artistique : 4 g\u00e9nies qui ont plaqu\u00e9 leur carri\u00e8re pour l&#8217;art"},"content":{"rendered":"<p data-path-to-node=\"4\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Choisir sa voie est rarement un long fleuve tranquille.<\/b> <strong>Pour certains, le destin semble trac\u00e9 par un dipl\u00f4me prestigieux. Une tradition familiale pesante ou un emploi stable dans l&#8217;administration ferment parfois l&#8217;horizon. Pourtant, sous le vernis de la conformit\u00e9 sociale couve un feu sacr\u00e9. Ni les chiffres, ni les lois, ni les conventions ne parviennent \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9teindre.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"5\">Qu\u2019ils aient \u00e9t\u00e9 ing\u00e9nieurs, juristes ou banquiers, de grands esprits ont un jour d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de tout plaquer. Ils ont r\u00e9pondu \u00e0 l&#8217;appel de la cr\u00e9ation par n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 vitale. Ils ont transform\u00e9 leur ennui ou leur douleur en une mati\u00e8re artistique majeure. Voici comment quatre figures de l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art ont dit \u00ab non \u00bb \u00e0 une vie toute trac\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"6,1\">Une reconversion artistique r\u00e9ussie est le choix de quitter un m\u00e9tier stable (ing\u00e9nieur, juriste, banquier) pour se consacrer pleinement \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation. Des artistes majeurs comme Alexander Calder, Paul C\u00e9zanne, Franz Kafka et Louise Bourgeois ont transform\u00e9 leur mal-\u00eatre initial en chefs-d&#8217;\u0153uvre du XXe si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"8\">Alexander Calder : de l&#8217;ing\u00e9nierie m\u00e9canique aux mobiles d&#8217;art<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"9\">Tout ce qui touche aux machines passionne le jeune Alexander Calder. En 1916, \u00e0 18 ans, il se lance dans des \u00e9tudes d\u2019ing\u00e9nierie m\u00e9canique \u00e0 Philadelphie. Surnomm\u00e9 Sandy, il s\u2019int\u00e9resse \u00e0 la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie, aux forces et aux mouvements. Il croit alors s\u2019\u00e9panouir en choisissant un m\u00e9tier s\u00e9rieux. L\u2019\u00e9tude des \u00e9quilibres anime cet esprit scientifique hors du commun. Mais, dipl\u00f4me en poche, l\u2019approche pratique lui semble soudain beaucoup moins attractive. La mise au point de modes op\u00e9ratoires industriels l\u2019\u00e9loigne de toute m\u00e9canique c\u00e9leste. Apr\u00e8s avoir occup\u00e9 divers emplois d&#8217;ing\u00e9nieur, Calder s\u2019ennuie \u00e0 mourir.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"11\">Calder voulait pourtant \u00e9chapper \u00e0 l\u2019atavisme familial. Il refusait de devenir sculpteur comme son grand-p\u00e8re et son p\u00e8re. Il ne voulait pas \u00eatre peintre comme sa m\u00e8re. Pourtant, la cr\u00e9ation finit par l\u2019emporter. Rien ne vaut le bonheur qu\u2019il \u00e9prouve \u00e0 confectionner de dr\u00f4les d\u2019animaux en laiton. \u00c0 25 ans, il court s&#8217;inscrire \u00e0 l&#8217;Arts Student League de New York pour \u00e9tudier la peinture. Il devient illustrateur, puis dessine pour le cirque Barnum. Plus tard, il cr\u00e9e le c\u00e9l\u00e8bre <a href=\"https:\/\/great-artmag.com\/calder-fondation-vuitton\/\"><i data-path-to-node=\"12\" data-index-in-node=\"268\">Cirque Calder<\/i><\/a>. Ses marionnettes deviennent les pr\u00e9misses de ses c\u00e9l\u00e8bres mobiles. Calder a pris sa vie d\u2019artiste en main.<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"14\">Paul C\u00e9zanne : le banquier d&#8217;Aix devenu ma\u00eetre de la peinture<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"15\">\u00c0 22 ans, Paul C\u00e9zanne v\u00e9g\u00e8te \u00e0 Aix-en-Provence. Ses \u00e9tudes de droit sont abandonn\u00e9es. Le concours d\u2019entr\u00e9e aux Beaux-Arts est rat\u00e9. Tanc\u00e9 par son p\u00e8re qui ne supporte plus son oisivet\u00e9, le jeune homme c\u00e8de. Il se r\u00e9signe \u00e0 devenir simple employ\u00e9 dans la banque paternelle. Mais la finance l\u2019assomme. Il ne r\u00eave que de passer ses journ\u00e9es \u00e0 peindre. Son d\u00e9sespoir est tel que C\u00e9zanne montre vite ses limites en gestion. Son travail est lamentable. Faisant fi de la col\u00e8re paternelle, il d\u00e9cide de quitter son emploi. Il vit alors aux crochets de sa riche famille pour se consacrer \u00e0 sa peinture.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"17\">Pendant des ann\u00e9es, il colore ses toiles au fond du jardin. \u00c0 33 ans, il s\u2019installe enfin \u00e0 Auvers-sur-Oise, la ville des Impressionnistes. Lors de sa premi\u00e8re exposition, la critique est acerbe. Bless\u00e9, il rejoint l\u2019Estaque. C&#8217;est l\u00e0 qu&#8217;il commence ses peintures sur la Montagne Sainte-Victoire. \u00c0 56 ans, le marchand d\u2019art Ambroise Vollard le remarque enfin. Sa premi\u00e8re exposition personnelle est une r\u00e9v\u00e9lation. Le succ\u00e8s devient fulgurant. Le public s\u2019arrache ses natures mortes et ses paysages color\u00e9s. C\u00e9zanne meurt en 1906 au sommet de sa gloire. \u00c9mile Zola, son ami d\u2019enfance, avait pr\u00e9dit qu&#8217;il n&#8217;aurait jamais le g\u00e9nie de devenir peintre. L\u2019\u00e9crivain a bien failli avoir raison.<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"20\">Franz Kafka : de l&#8217;enfer des assurances aux chefs-d&#8217;\u0153uvre litt\u00e9raires<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"21\">En 1907, Franz Kafka a 24 ans. Fils de marchands juifs prosp\u00e8res, il vit \u00e0 Prague et poss\u00e8de un doctorat de droit. Il entre comme employ\u00e9 au service d&#8217;une compagnie d&#8217;Assurances G\u00e9n\u00e9rales. Son p\u00e8re compte sur lui pour reprendre le supermarch\u00e9 familial. Sa voie semble toute trac\u00e9e. Kafka a des dispositions pour les chiffres. Intelligent, il s\u2019av\u00e8re un excellent gestionnaire. Mais le jeune Kafka veut \u00e9crire et ne pense qu\u2019\u00e0 \u00e7a. En 1908, il craque. D\u00e9sormais, Kafka refuse que ses heures de travail empi\u00e8tent sur son temps d\u2019\u00e9criture.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"23\">L&#8217;\u00e9crivain cherche alors un emploi alimentaire moins prenant. Il entre au service de l&#8217;Institution d&#8217;assurance pour les accidents des travailleurs. C&#8217;est une vraie planque, mais aussi une source d\u2019inspiration sur l\u2019absurdit\u00e9 du monde. Kafka y travaillera pendant 14 ans. C&#8217;est pendant ses nuits blanches qu&#8217;il \u00e9crit <i data-path-to-node=\"24\" data-index-in-node=\"45\">Le Verdict<\/i> (1913) et <i data-path-to-node=\"24\" data-index-in-node=\"66\">La M\u00e9tamorphose<\/i> (1915). Atteint de la tuberculose, il continue de noircir ses cahiers. Suivent <i data-path-to-node=\"24\" data-index-in-node=\"161\">Le Proc\u00e8s<\/i> (1925) puis <i data-path-to-node=\"24\" data-index-in-node=\"183\">Le Ch\u00e2teau<\/i> (1926). Aucun roman complet ne sera diffus\u00e9 de son vivant. Kafka meurt \u00e0 41 ans dans l\u2019anonymat. Son ex\u00e9cuteur testamentaire refusera de br\u00fbler ses manuscrits, permettant la publication posthume de cette \u0153uvre immense.<\/p>\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"26\">Louise Bourgeois : de la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie \u00e0 la sculpture th\u00e9rapeutique<\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"27\">La jeune Louise Bourgeois aime ordonner le monde selon des r\u00e8gles \u00e9tablies. Brillante \u00e9l\u00e8ve, elle s\u2019inscrit \u00e0 la Sorbonne pour suivre des \u00e9tudes de g\u00e9om\u00e9trie. Mais \u00e0 22 ans, la mort brutale de sa m\u00e8re coupe court \u00e0 cette trajectoire. \u00c9perdue de douleur et confront\u00e9e \u00e0 un p\u00e8re distant, elle tente de se suicider. Apr\u00e8s ce drame, elle d\u00e9cide de faire face et change de cap. D\u00e9sormais, sa survie passera par l\u2019art. L&#8217;art lui permet d&#8217;exprimer des tensions familiales insupportables. Elle a besoin d&#8217;exercer son anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 sur des formes qu&#8217;elle peut d\u00e9truire et reconstruire.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"29\">Louise Bourgeois \u00e9tudie directement aupr\u00e8s des artistes de Paris. Ses premiers dessins m\u00ealent le corps humain \u00e0 l&#8217;architecture. Le fil rouge de son \u0153uvre devient rapidement le phallus et l&#8217;araign\u00e9e g\u00e9ante. \u00c0 27 ans, Louise Bourgeois s&#8217;installe \u00e0 New York avec son \u00e9poux historien d&#8217;art. Sa reconnaissance sera tardive mais internationale. Une premi\u00e8re r\u00e9trospective lui est consacr\u00e9e au MoMA \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge de 71 ans. En 1999, le Lion d&#8217;or \u00e0 la Biennale de Venise lui est d\u00e9cern\u00e9 \u00e0 88 ans pour l\u2019ensemble de son \u0153uvre.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Choisir sa voie est rarement un long fleuve tranquille. Pour certains, le destin semble trac\u00e9 par un dipl\u00f4me prestigieux. Une tradition familiale pesante ou un emploi stable dans l&#8217;administration ferment parfois l&#8217;horizon. Pourtant, sous le vernis de la conformit\u00e9 sociale couve un feu sacr\u00e9. Ni les chiffres, ni les lois, ni les conventions ne parviennent [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1644,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1197],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1643","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-portrait-artiste"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Reconversion artistique : 4 g\u00e9nies qui ont plaqu\u00e9 leur carri\u00e8re pour l&#039;art - GREAT-ARTMAG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Une reconversion artistique r\u00e9ussie est le choix de quitter un m\u00e9tier stable (ing\u00e9nieur, juriste, banquier) pour se consacrer \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/great-artmag.com\/en\/calder-cezanne-kafka-louise-bourgeois-ces-artistes-reconvertis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Reconversion artistique : 4 g\u00e9nies qui ont plaqu\u00e9 leur carri\u00e8re pour l&#039;art - 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